On of the degree of graphitization from the obtained biocarbon samples.
On of the degree of graphitization on the obtained biocarbon samples. The XRD measurements have been performed working with the Panalytical X’Pert Pro technique with monochromatic CuK radiation. The Raman spectra of carbon particles have been recorded utilizing an FTS 6000 Bio-Rad DBCO-Maleimide site Spectrometer with Raman spectroscopy (Nd: YAG Spectra Physics T10, 1064 nm laser), as well as the spectra had been recorded following 10,000 scans having a resolution of four cm-1 . The midinfrared spectroscopy (MIR) research for inorganic ashes have been performed working with a Bruker Vertex 70v spectrometer (WITec Wissenschaftliche Instrumente und Technologie GmbH; Ulm, Germany) The standard KBr palette approach was utilized, and 128 scans were accumulated having a resolution of four cm-1 in the variety 400000 cm-1 to decipher the inorganic minerals inside the ash samples. Scanning electron microscopy (Nano Nova SEM 200 FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), coupled with the EDX technique (EDAX, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), was utilised to identify the achievable variations within the morphology plus the presence of inorganic elements of mineral mattersMaterials 2021, 14,4 ofof the carbon samples. The chemical evaluation from the inorganic components in biochars was determined utilizing the Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (WDXRF) and carried out employing the WDXRF Axios mAX spectrometer (PANalytical, Malvern, UK). The system utilizes a four kW rhodium tube that is definitely equipped with a window of 30-micron thickness using a maximum accelerating voltage of 60 kV along with a maximum existing of 150 mA. The qualitative spectrum analysis was performed by identifying the spectral lines, and the Sulfadimethoxine 13C6 Data Sheet quantitative analysis was performed making use of the basic parameters process in the range of fluorine ranium (Na ). The contents from the determined components had been normalized to 100 by mass. 2.three. Thermal Behaviour of Pistachio Shells Investigated Using a Thermal Analysis The thermal effects that occurred in the course of the heating of solid carbon fuel inside the temperature array of 25000 C inside the nitrogen gas stream have been measured applying the Differential thermal evaluation (DTA) and thermogravimetric (TG) procedures (Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer–STA 449 F3Jupiter). The samples (approx. 50 mg) have been ramped up at a rate of ten C/min within a platinum crucible. The measurements were carried out in an N2 gas atmosphere. The TG process was made use of to ascertain the chemical reactivity from the obtained charcoal samples with CO2 inside the temperature selection of 2050 C. A thermobalance device (Rubotherm DynTHERM 1100-40 MP-G analyzer, TA Instruments, Bochum, Germany) was utilized for investigations inside the CO2 gas atmosphere. TG curves have been recorded in a temperature array of 2550 C within a pure CO2 gas atmosphere at a pressure of 0.1 MPa (abs). The CO2 gas flow was 100 mL min-1 , plus the temperature ramp was ten C min-1 . The final heating temperature of 850 C was maintained for 20 min. The gasification of biochar that was obtained from pistachio shells inside a H2 O gas atmosphere was studied working with the thermovolumetric technique. All measurements had been performed at a temperature of 850 C. The application on the volumetric method enabled the determination on the efficiency of the conversion strong biochar sample P850 by steam, made use of as gasification agent for the following gaseous products: H2 , CO, CH4 , and CO2 . Inside the similar experimental situations, the gasification process of charcoal (Merck, Germany, marked as CH-M) and Carbon Black-N221 (marked CB-221 Konimpex, Poland) using H2 O as the gasification agent was conducted. The c.
