Uation exacerbated by the fact that many studies have used arbitrary visual tasks. It may reflect a specific difficulty with motion detection, temporal processing or integrating local information across both dimensions of space and over time. Research has also Relugolix biological activity failed to investigate factors that are associated with performance on random-dot global motion tasks such as gender and non-verbal IQ (Billino, Bremmer, Gegenfurtner, 2008; Melnick, Harrison, Park, purchase Anlotinib Bennetto, Tadin, 2013; Snowdon Kavanagh, 2006). To resolve these issues, we administered four, diagnostic, global motion and form tasks to a large sample of adult readers to characterise their perceptual abilities. These were: a random-dot global motion task, a spatially 1-D global motion task, a static global form task and a temporally-defined global form task (Fig. 1). Two sets of analyses were conducted. First, to investigate if general reading skills are associated with performance on each of the four visual tasks, a series of continuous regression analyses were conducted using a composite measure of reading ability with the whole sample of readers. Within these analyses we also investigated the influence of gender and non-verbal IQ on visual task performance. Second, to explore if performance across the four visual tasks differs across readers with dyslexia who had poor phonemic decoding skills and good readers, a series of between-group regression analyses were conducted. These groups were matched for non-verbal IQ. This enabled us to delineate performance on the visual tasks across individuals with developmental dyslexia compared to generally poor readers. The four visual tasks administered were specifically designed to reveal the underlying nature of the perceptual deficit in readers with dyslexia. Specific SART.S23506 predictions across these tasks are given in Table 1. If, as previously claimed, readers with dyslexia have aFig. 1. Visual stimuli. Schematic illustration of the visual stimuli used in (A) the random-dot global motion task, (B) the fpsyg.2017.00209 spatially 1-D global motion task, (C) the static global form task and (D) the temporally-defined global form task. Note that the temporally-defined global form task cannot be adequately depicted in this figure, as its apparent spatial structure arises from the asynchronous jittering of individual dots over time.Table 1 Predicting performance on the visual tasks. Source of difficulty Motion processing Impaired Random-dot global motion Spatially 1-D global motion Random-dot global motion Spatially 1-D global motion Temporally-defined global form Random-dot global motion Temporally-defined global form Normal Static global form Temporally-defined global form Static global formTemporal processingMulti-dimensional integration (>2 dimensions)Spatially 1-D global motion Static global formImpaired = Readers with dyslexia expected to have significantly higher coherence thresholds than good readers; Normal = no significant difference expected between good readers and readers with dyslexia.specific difficulty with motion detection, they would be expected to have higher coherence thresholds on both the random-dot global motion task and the spatially 1-D global motion task. If, on the other hand, the perceptual deficit in readers with dyslexia reflects a difficulty with temporal processing, they would be expected to have significantly higher coherence thresholds on the tasks requiring precise transmission of time-varying information, namely the random-dot.Uation exacerbated by the fact that many studies have used arbitrary visual tasks. It may reflect a specific difficulty with motion detection, temporal processing or integrating local information across both dimensions of space and over time. Research has also failed to investigate factors that are associated with performance on random-dot global motion tasks such as gender and non-verbal IQ (Billino, Bremmer, Gegenfurtner, 2008; Melnick, Harrison, Park, Bennetto, Tadin, 2013; Snowdon Kavanagh, 2006). To resolve these issues, we administered four, diagnostic, global motion and form tasks to a large sample of adult readers to characterise their perceptual abilities. These were: a random-dot global motion task, a spatially 1-D global motion task, a static global form task and a temporally-defined global form task (Fig. 1). Two sets of analyses were conducted. First, to investigate if general reading skills are associated with performance on each of the four visual tasks, a series of continuous regression analyses were conducted using a composite measure of reading ability with the whole sample of readers. Within these analyses we also investigated the influence of gender and non-verbal IQ on visual task performance. Second, to explore if performance across the four visual tasks differs across readers with dyslexia who had poor phonemic decoding skills and good readers, a series of between-group regression analyses were conducted. These groups were matched for non-verbal IQ. This enabled us to delineate performance on the visual tasks across individuals with developmental dyslexia compared to generally poor readers. The four visual tasks administered were specifically designed to reveal the underlying nature of the perceptual deficit in readers with dyslexia. Specific SART.S23506 predictions across these tasks are given in Table 1. If, as previously claimed, readers with dyslexia have aFig. 1. Visual stimuli. Schematic illustration of the visual stimuli used in (A) the random-dot global motion task, (B) the fpsyg.2017.00209 spatially 1-D global motion task, (C) the static global form task and (D) the temporally-defined global form task. Note that the temporally-defined global form task cannot be adequately depicted in this figure, as its apparent spatial structure arises from the asynchronous jittering of individual dots over time.Table 1 Predicting performance on the visual tasks. Source of difficulty Motion processing Impaired Random-dot global motion Spatially 1-D global motion Random-dot global motion Spatially 1-D global motion Temporally-defined global form Random-dot global motion Temporally-defined global form Normal Static global form Temporally-defined global form Static global formTemporal processingMulti-dimensional integration (>2 dimensions)Spatially 1-D global motion Static global formImpaired = Readers with dyslexia expected to have significantly higher coherence thresholds than good readers; Normal = no significant difference expected between good readers and readers with dyslexia.specific difficulty with motion detection, they would be expected to have higher coherence thresholds on both the random-dot global motion task and the spatially 1-D global motion task. If, on the other hand, the perceptual deficit in readers with dyslexia reflects a difficulty with temporal processing, they would be expected to have significantly higher coherence thresholds on the tasks requiring precise transmission of time-varying information, namely the random-dot.
